Much of the extent of success in shifting toward low-carbon mobility is about business model viability.

While many electrification use-cases, such as ride-hailing, have already proven to lower a fleet’s total cost of ownership, a variety of infrastructure challenges limit customer experience and increase operational and capital expenditure (CAPEX). The lack of clarity around global charging infrastructure deployment roadmaps and associated investment complexities present a challenge for ensuring a timely, equitable and sustainable transition to zero-emission vehicles. This is further limited in compatibility or seamlessness between key system components such as vehicles, infrastructure, charging networks and the electrical grid.